The panel concluded that healthcare providers are well positioned to initiate discussions with patients about incontinence. The panel recommended further studies to determine when and how to approach patients on the topic. Although further study will be needed to find the most effective wording for asking patients about symptoms, the panel recommended that the ideal approach will address four aspects of the patient's experience: frequency, volume, the degree to which symptoms bother the patient, and the patient's desire for treatment.

Provider education alone will be insufficient to improve detection, prevention, and treatment. Public policy changes, including appropriate reimbursement, regulation, and management are also needed. Raising public awareness is a priority. To help reduce the stigma associated with these conditions, the panel had the following messages for those experiencing incontinence:

• You are not alone
• Some medical conditions can cause incontinence and can be treated
• Incontinence does not need to be a part of aging
• Lifestyle changes and behavioral interventions can prevent incontinence in many cases
• You should tell your healthcare provider

Though fecal and urinary incontinence can affect men and women at all life stages, both conditions disproportionately affect women, especially those who have given birth, as pelvic muscle injury during childbirth and routine episiotomy are associated with a higher rate of fecal incontinence. For this reason, the panel recommended that episiotomy not be routinely performed during childbirth. As baby boomers approach their sixties, the impact of these already common conditions will only increase.

The 15-member conference panel included experts in the fields of geriatrics, nursing, gastroenterology, obstetrics and gynecology, internal medicine, urology, general surgery, oncology, neurosurgery, epidemiology, biostatistics, psychiatry, rehabilitation medicine, environmental health sciences, and healthcare financing, as well as a public representative. A listing of the panel members and their institutional affiliations is included in the draft conference statement. Interviews with panel members can be arranged by contacting Kelli Marciel at 301-496-4819 or marcielk@od.nih.gov.

The conference was sponsored by the NIH Office of Medical Applications of Research (OMAR) and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, along with other components of the NIH. This conference was conducted under the NIH Consensus Development Program, which provides a mechanism for assessing the available scientific evidence and developing objective statements on issues of medical controversy.

In addition to the material presented at the conference by speakers and the comments and concerns of conference participants presented during discussion periods, the panel considered pertinent research from the published literature and the results of a systematic review of the literature commissioned by OMAR. The systematic review was prepared through the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) Evidence-based Practice Centers (EPC) program, by the Minnesota Evidence-based Practice Center. The EPCs develop evidence reports and technology assessments based on rigorous, comprehensive syntheses and analyses of the scientific literature, emphasizing explicit and detailed documentation of methods, rationale, and assumptions. The evidence report on Prevention of Fecal and Urinary Incontinence in Adults is available at http://www.ahrq.gov/downloads/pub/evidence/pdf/fuiad/fuiad.pdf.

The panel's statement is an independent report and is not a policy statement of the NIH or the federal government. The NIH Consensus Development Program, of which this conference is a part, was established in 1977 as a mechanism to judge controversial topics in medicine and public health in an unbiased, impartial manner. NIH has conducted 118 consensus development conferences, and 28 state-of-the-science (formerly "technology assessment") conferences, addressing a wide range of issues. A backgrounder on the NIH Consensus Development Program process is available at http://consensus.nih.gov/forthemedia.htm.

NOTE TO TV EDITORS:
The press conference at 2:00 p.m. on Wednesday, December 12, will be broadcast live via satellite at the following coordinates:

Satellite C-Band
G3R transponder 23
Orbital location: 95 degrees west
Downlink frequency: 3760H
Audio: 6.2/6.8
Test Time: 1:30 - 2:00 p.m.
Broadcast: 2:00 - 3:00 p.m.

NOTE TO RADIO EDITORS:
An audio report of the conference results will be available after 4:00 p.m. Wednesday, December 12 by visiting http://www.nih.gov/news/radio/index.htm.

The Office of the Director, the central office at NIH, is responsible for setting policy for NIH, which includes 27 Institutes and Centers. This involves planning, managing, and coordinating the programs and activities of all NIH components. The Office of the Director also includes program offices which are responsible for stimulating specific areas of research throughout NIH. Additional information is available at http://www.nih.gov/icd/od/.

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) — The Nation's Medical Research Agency — includes 27 Institutes and Centers and is a component of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. It is the primary federal agency for conducting and supporting basic, clinical and translational medical research, and it investigates the causes, treatments, and cures for both common and rare diseases. For more information about NIH and its programs, visit www.nih.gov.