The properties of the pulses, when represented on a graph, take on specific shapes that characterize the changing light intensity from the beginning to end of each pulse. Precisely controlling this intensity, which is called "pulse shaping," will enable researchers to tune the laser pulses to suit specific applications, said Andrew Weiner, Distinguished Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Purdue.

Researchers at other institutions have developed ultrafast lasers producing trains of pulses that are split into hundreds of thousands of segments, with each segment representing a different portion of the spectrum making up a pulse. The segments are called "comb lines" because they resemble teeth on a comb when represented on a graph, and the entire pulse train is called a "femtosecond frequency comb." The 2005 Nobel Prize in physics was awarded to researchers who precisely controlled the frequencies of these comb lines and demonstrated applications related to advanced optical clocks, which could improve communications, enhance navigation systems and enable new experiments to test physics theory, among other possible uses.

In the new research, the Purdue engineers precisely "shaped" 100 comb lines from such a frequency comb in a single pulse.

"There are still huge technological challenges ahead, but we really see 100 comb lines as a milestone, a significant step," Weiner said. The research is based at Purdue's Ultrafast Optics and Optical Fiber Communications Laboratory.

Findings are detailed in a research paper appearing online this week in the journal Nature Photonics. The paper was written by postdoctoral research associate Zhi Jiang, doctoral student Chen-Bin Huang, senior research scientist Daniel E. Leaird and Weiner, all in Purdue's School of Electrical and Computer Engineering.

The pulse-shaping technique, called optical arbitrary waveform generation, is not new. However, the Purdue team is the first to accomplish shaping of light pulses from a femtosecond frequency comb and to demonstrate the technique on such a fine scale by controlling the properties of 100 spectral comb lines within each pulse.

By precisely controlling this "fine frequency structure" of laser pulses, researchers hope to create advanced optical sensors that detect and measure hazardous materials or pollutants, ultra-sensitive spectroscopy for laboratory research, and optics-based communications systems that transmit greater volumes of information with better quality while increasing the bandwidth. However, fully realizing these goals will require controlling 100,000 to 1 million comb lines in each pulse, Weiner said.

The advancement by the Purdue engineers enables the researchers to control the amplitude and "phase" of individual comb lines, or the high and low points of each spectral line, representing a step toward applying the technique for advanced technologies.

The research is funded by the National Science Foundation and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, or DARPA.

Writer: Emil Venere, (765) 494-4709, venere@purdue.edu

Source: Andrew M. Weiner, (765)494-5574, amw@ecn.purdue.edu

Purdue News Service: (765) 494-2096; purduenews@purdue.edu

PHOTO CAPTION:
Jason McKinney, a former visiting assistant professor in Purdue's School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, works with equipment that produces pulsing laser light in the university's Ultrafast Optics and Optical Fiber Communications Laboratory. Researchers in the lab recently have shown how to finely control the spectral properties of ultrafast light pulses, a step toward creating advanced sensors, more powerful communications technologies and more precise laboratory instruments. McKinney is now an engineer at the Naval Research Laboratory. (Purdue Engineering Communications Office photo/Vincent Walter)

A publication-quality photo is available at http://news.uns.purdue.edu/images/+2007/weiner-arbitrary.jpg

Pulse shaping techniques, in which user-specified ultrashort pulse fields are synthesized via parallel manipulation of optical Fourier components, are now widely adopted1-6. Furthermore, mode-locked lasers producing combs of frequency stabilized spectral lines have resulted in revolutionary advances in frequency metrology7-11. However, until recently pulse shapers addressed spectral lines in groups at low spectral resolution. Line-by-line pulse shaping12, in which spectral lines are resolved and manipulated individually, leads to a fundamentally new regime for optical arbitrary waveform generation (O-AWG)13, in which the advantages of pulse shaping and of frequency combs are exploited simultaneously. Here we demonstrate programmable line-by-line shaping of more than 100 spectral lines, which constitutes a significant step in scaling towards high waveform complexity. O-AWG promises broad impact both in optical science, allowing for example coherent control generalizations of comb-based time-frequency spectroscopies10, and in technology, enabling new truly coherent multiwavelength processing concepts for spread spectrum lightwave communications and lidar.