Optimal Flight Speed of Birds -
A Hedenstrom, T Alerstam - Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, 1995 - JSTOR
... food to nestlings or to a cache, birds should fly faster than Vmr if unrestricted
by a metabolic ceiling in order to maximize the resulting speed of transport ...

A reassessment of the effect of body mass upon flight speed and predation risk in birds -
JS VEASEY, NB METCALFE, DC HOUSTON - Animal Behaviour, 1998 - Elsevier
... familiarized individual birds with the flight aviary by flying them as they would
be in the experiment until no further improvement in their flight speed was ...

Transmitter loads affect the flight speed and metabolism of homing pigeons -
JA Gessaman, KA Nagy - Condor, 1988 - JSTOR
... metabolism of a bird would be most evident during flight and that measurements of
flight speed (or flight duration) and energy metabolism of birds flying with ...

Optimal Flight Speed in Birds When Feeding Young. -
A Norberg - Journal of Animal Ecology, 1981 - JSTOR
... The largest birds capable of active flight cannot produce enough power to fly at
their maximum range speed; they seem barely able to fly at the minimum power ...

Flight speed of seabirds in relation to wind speed and direction -
LB SPEAR, DG AINLEY - Ibis, 1997 - Blackwell Synergy
... data). Birds timed often did not fly a precisely straight course, although ground
speed was calculated as the straight-line speed between two points. ...

The metabolic cost of flight in unrestrained birds -
JR Torre-Bueno - Journal of Experimental Biology, 1978 - jeb.biologists.org
... The highest speed at which a starling could be induced to fly for 90 min was 18
m/s and the lowest speed was 8 m/s. At higher speeds the birds would repeatedly ...

Formation Flight of Birds -
PBS Lissaman, CA Shollenberger - Science, 1970 - sciencemag.org
... which can readily be sensed, making it easy and natural for the bird to fly optimally. ...
is of low magnitude if the ratio of the tip flapping speed to the ...

Diurnal Variation in Flight Performance and Hence Potential Predation Risk in Small Birds -
NB Metcalfe, SE Ure - Proceedings: Biological Sciences, 1995 - JSTOR
... importance than flying speed. In contrast, small ground-feeding granivorous birds
typically feed very close to (or under) bushes and trees and fly upwards into ...

Estimating absolute densities of flying seabirds using analyses of relative movement. -
L Spear, N Nur, DG Ainley - Auk, 1992 - JSTOR
... by the ship in the time t that the bird requires to pass from b to a. Usually, it
is not possible for one to determine the flight speed of birds observed at ...

Flight mechanics and constraints on flight performance -
JMV Rayner - Israel Journal of Zoology, 1995 - csa.com
... argued that birds should be able to fly efficiently only within certain ranges of
wingbeat kinematics; since kinematics must vary with speed, muscle properties ...